For each of the following sets of statements, indicate whether the moral
judgment stated at the end of each scenario is implied by utilitarianism.
scenario and moral judgment |
implied? |
1 |
scenario:
Two people need a liver transplant. One is 30 years old, the other 60.
Each is expected (barring accidents, etc.) to live to the age of 80. The
two patients are similar in all other respects. There is just one liver
available to be transplanted.
moral judgment:
You ought to give the liver to the younger patient.
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2 |
scenario:
There are two people in pain, perhaps from an injury; one is in a lot
more pain than the other. You have two indivisible doses of morphine. You
give one dose to the person in the greater amount of pain.
moral judgment:
You should give the second dose to the other person.
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3 |
scenario:
Person A wants to do something that will violate person B’s
rights—perhaps A wants to read certain messages in B’s e-mail account. If
this happens, B’s increase in unhappiness will outweigh A’s increase in
happiness.
moral judgment:
The right thing to do is for A to read B’s e-mail messages.
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|
4 |
scenario:
same as in number 3, with this addition: If A reads B’s e-mail, then C
will also derive some happiness, from hearing from A about the contents of
B’s e-mail. Neither A’s increased happiness nor C’s increased happiness
will be as great as B’s increase in unhappiness, but their joint increase
in happiness will exceed B’s increase in unhappiness.
moral judgment:
same as in number 3
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5 |
scenario:
Person D has promised to pick person E up at the airport. But doing so
will be unexpectedly inconvenient for D—so much so that D’s unhappiness,
if D picks E up, will be greater than the unhappiness E would have
experienced (in terms of making other arrangements, etc.) if D had never
promised in the first place.
moral judgment:
D is not obligated to pick E up at the airport.
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6 |
scenario:
Person D has promised to pick person E up at the airport. But doing so
will be unexpectedly inconvenient for D—so much so that D’s unhappiness,
if D picks E up, will be greater than the unhappiness E will experience if
D does not pick E up.
moral judgment:
same as in number 5
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7 |
scenario:
A company is deciding between two methods of disposing of radioactive
waste. Each method involves a dangerous construction project. Method 1 is
expected to cost 5 lives in construction, within the next few years, and
is expected to result in 15 fatal cases of cancer in 20 years. Method 2 is
also expected to cost 5 lives in construction, within the next few years,
but is not expected to cause any cases of cancer for the next 100 years.
At that time, it is expected to cause 20 fatal cases of cancer.
moral judgment:
The company should dispose of the waste using method 2.
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8 |
scenario:
same as in number 7, plus this: The company has already started to use
method 2, and two fatalities have occurred in construction. The company is deciding
whether to start over, using method 1.
moral judgment:
The company should start over and use method 1.
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